The Kansas City Gun Experiment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Kansas City Gun Experiment - Essay Example Experiments are not the only research designs used to conduct research. There are other types of data-gathering strategies that can be used such as surveys, case studies, participant observation and unobtrusive measures. The most common type of unobtrusive measure is the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) where existing data collected and maintained by the FBI is used. The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is a part of UCR. This experiment undertaken by the Kansas City Police Department was based on the theory that gun seizures and gun crime are inversely proportional. According to this theory gun seizures increase with the decrease of gun crimes. In order to test this theory and to reduce gun crime in Kansas City the Police Department used the quasi experimental design. It ordered extra patrol attention on gun crime â€Å"hot spots†. They conducted a target beat for 29 weeks. Specific and varied techniques were used by officers to detect guns, illegal weapon owners and high-risk youths. In order to protect civil liberties all searches and frisks conducted had to conform to legal guidelines. All arrests made for carrying illegal weapons had to be approved by a supervisory detective. A University of Maryland evaluator accompanied the officers when they went out to gather information. The data gathered was then analyzed. It was found that gun seizures in the target area increased by more than 65 percent and gun crimes declined by 49 percent whereas there was no significant change in areas not covered by the experiment. There was also a significant drop in homicides in target areas. The experiment also proved that the police can implement a program to increase seizures of illegal guns and that the productivity of Police officers increased when they were given the opportunity to focus only on gun detection in crime hot spots without being duty-bound to answer service calls. This program was

Engineering Design Process Essay Example for Free

Engineering Design Process Essay An Industrial Engineer is designing a procurement process for Spinney’s Supermarket and after studying the demand for cereals, he concludes that the demand for cereals follows a normal distribution and falls between 200 to 230 boxes per week. Therefore, the demand of the cereal is a random variable because the demand can fluctuate between 200 and 230 boxes however; the demand will not decrease or increase tremendously unless some unusual event occurs. Using this estimate, the industrial engineer can decide how much cereal to procure in a certain week so that demand can be fulfilled without storing extra inventory. During his study, he also finds out that the mean demand for cereal is 217 boxes per week and the standard deviation (which is the difference of the actual demand from the projected demand) is 15 boxes per week then he can find out the percentage of actual demand that is above 230 boxes per week since this will help him to decide whether to store extra inventory or not because if the probability of demand to exceed 230 is low then he might decide not to fulfill those orders since their chance of occurrence is low and holding cost is high. To determine the percentage of times the demand exceeds 230 boxes per week, the engineer will use the formula: P (X 230) = P [X (230 – 217) / 15] P (Z 0. 8667) = 1- 0. 8078 = 19. 22% Using this figure, the procurement department has to decide whether they should keep extra inventory or should they not be worrying about the 19. 22% of times when they might be having lost sales.

Stability Testing of Nifedeipine

Stability Testing of Nifedeipine Syed Masood Hassan Akbari Practical 2 Stability study of Nifedipine INTRODUCTION Nifedipine is considered as a prototype compound of the dihydropyridine class of calcium channel antagonists. Nifedipine is a selective arterial dilator, and also is used in the treatment of hypertension, angina and cardiovascular disorders. The drawback associated with nifedipine is that it can undergo photo degradation thus escalating in loss of pharmacological activity. This process involves the reduction of the aromatic nitro group to nitroso group or the oxidation of the dihydropyridine ring to a pyridine ring. Nifedipine synthesizers make use of light resistant coating to reduce their photo degradation. It has been found out that due to poor storage conditions the clinical efficacy of nifedipine can drop drastically. In order to fix this a selection of ingredients within the dosage form can be altered or enhanced in order to minimise photosensitivity. Ion-exchange beads are solid and suitably are high molecular weight polyelectrolytes that can easily exchange their mobile ions of equal charge with neighbouring medium reversibly. The ion-exchange bead can form a complex with nifedipine and its utility used to embrace drug in light natures. Instability of the drug product may lead to a reduction in the bioavailability of the drug. It is also highly important that the patients do receive their uniform does of the drug throughout the whole of the shelf life of the product. This experiment goes through the photodecomposition kinetics of nifedipine at zero-order when the reaction commences. As the reaction proceeds further to 50% the kinetics of the reaction changes to first-order. Figure 1: Represents nifedipine degradation at the two different wavelengths shown above. This experiment consisted of 3 main components: Determining the stability of nifedipine using HPLC at various time intervals. Estimating the half-life for the disappearing drug. Examining the relative stability of the drug as powder and in solution. EXPERIMENTAL For HPLC 20mg of nifedipine was weighed out and placed in a 100ml volumetric flask using the mobile phase to top up the flask. The resulting solutions colouration was noted and transferred to a beaker and covered with paraffin. A small insertion was made to take up 2ml of the solution into an injection using a 0.2 µm filter. The time was noted and the sample was loaded and run immediately and the beaker was covered with paraffin and placed on a ledge where sunlight was present and after every 15 min intervals the sample was injected into the apparatus and it was run. After each run was carried out the peak area for each of the runs were recorded. For stability in solid form 100mg of the solid sample of nifedipine was weighed out in a weighing boat and spread out evenly and placed on a window ledge with proper Irish sunlight for a duration of 2 hours. The appearance was noted before and after the time lapsed. The solid sample was then homogenised and 20mg was taken and placed in a 100ml volumetric flask and made up to the mark with the mobile phase. Straight away 2ml solution was taken and placed on a 0.2 µm filter and was ready for injection. The peak area of the solid sample was recorded in the report. RESULTS CONCLUSIONS Determination of the stability of nifedipine solid and liquid samples with sunlight. Table 1: Shows the nifedipine run time with 15 minute intervals, the solid form and a UV sample. The illustrations below show the HPLC peaks at various time intervals with their retention times, peak area and heights. Figure 2: Depicts nifedipine at T0. Figure 3: Depicts nifedipine at T20. Figure 4: Depicts nifedipine at T35. Figure 5: Depicts nifedipine at T50. Figure 6: Depicts nifedipine at T65. Figure 7: Depicts nifedipine at T80. Figure 8: Depicts nifedipine at T95. Figure 9: Represents the peak area plotted against time of nifedipine degradation taken at 15 minute intervals. After carrying out the experiment it can be said looking at the data that the reaction kinetics are of zero order at least from T0-T80. At T95 it is seen that the peak gets a bit broad it can show that a new peak is starting to form, it the experiment had continued for at least 45 minutes more then it could have been the start of the first order reaction kinetics. Therefore it can be deduced that according to the data attained the reaction kinetics are still at zero order during data acquisition. From the graph using the equation: y = a + bx b = slope = -12046.1 +/- 841.833 The half-life of nifedipine was found using the equation: As we were dealing with zero order kinetics so, r = k Using, t1/2 = In(2)/k t1/2 = 0.693/0.988 t1/2 = 0.701 According to the data gathered it is seen that the solid sample of nifedipine resembles to the first T0 liquid sample. By this observation a person can say that the solid state sample did not show any signs of degradation after the 2 hour window. The colour of the liquid samples were changing from yellow at T0 to faint yellow at T80. On the other hand for the solid sample from the light yellow powder after the 2 hour window a layer of dark yellow powder was seen and the powder was mixed around and it was seen the underlying solid particles still retained the same colour of light yellow. According to the UV data at T0 and Ɔºmax of 334 it generated an absorbance of 0.604. Whereas for the T100 with a Ɔºmax of 279 generated an absorbance of 1.064. QUESTIONS Comment on the relative photostability of solid and solution nifedipine in daylight. The solid sample of nifedipine after being expose to 2 hours of Irish sunlight visual observation showed a darker colour change from light yellow to a darker but when the powder was mixed the underlying layer was of the same light colouration as it started with. And after the 2 hours window the HPLC result showed no degradation at all. This could be due to the practical being carried out in doors and the lack of the photons getting to the solid sample. On the other hand in the liquid sample things were not much better from a yellow solution starting at T0 – T80 there was no colour change but after performing the next HPLC the colour had gone faint yellow. If the apparatus would have been given 45 minute more the results attained would be of first order kinetics. As it stands it is zero order kinetics. What type of reaction is the nifedipine decomposition? Reduction What other decomposition reactions do you think nifedipine might undergo? Oxidation What are the implications of your observations for the proper handling and storage of nifedipine? Manufacturers of nifedipine products use light resistant coating or packing to minimize their photodegradation. Long term exposure to sunlight or artificial light may also occur if nifedipine formulations are inappropriately stored by patients. Poor storage conditions may potentially decrease clinical efficacy of nifedipine. What validation do you think might be important in the type of analysis you performed today? â€Å"Validation of an analytical method is the process that establishes by laboratory studies, that the performance characteristics of the method meet the requirements for the intended analytical applications.† The typical analytical characteristics used in method validation vary but the relevant one for this experiment is stability, system suitability and system sensitivity. â€Å"Prepared sample/ standard stability is defined as the ability of the analyte to remain stable in the diluent at the test concentration specified in the analytical method.† System suitability testing is an integral part of many analytical procedures. The tests are based on the concept that the samples to be analysed constitute an integral system that can be evaluated as such. System suitability is determined by various methods. Any one or a combination of the following may be written into the method as necessary for using the method for routine post validation: Resolution ensures that closely eluting compounds are resolved from each other and establishes the resolving power of the system. It contains as close as is possible to a complete sample matrix. Finally capacity factor is a measure of the time the solute spends in the stationary phase relative to the time it spends in the mobile phase.

Farming In Denmark :: essays research papers

Denmark is located in the Central Northern part of Europe. It is part of the Scandinavian countries, thus it has a relatively cold weather all year long. 75% of Denmark’s land is used for farming. Because of it’s export of agricultural and industrial produce, it enjoys one of the highest standard of living in the world. This case study is meant to study the farming in Denmark. Types of Farming: Denmark is divided into 3 areas: Jutland, Fyn, and Zealand. Farming is found in all of those areas. Denmark’s types of farming are: Dairy farming, Crop farming, Animal farming, and Mixed farming In Jutland, the least intensive farming is found. There they mainly grow rye, oats, and potatoes. Pasture land is also found there. In Fyn and Zealand, the most Intensive farming is found. There they grow cereals with root crops, and pigs. Some areas in Jutland and Fyn are also used for mixed farming. Is the Land Suitable for Farming?: Denmark’s land wasn’t very fertile in the Nineteenth century. It had Sandy soils in the West and Clay land in the East. The government invested a lot of money into making those lands fertile. The low lying and relatively flat land in Denmark added to the existing fertile soils, and partially favorable climate (Winter frosts + Warm and sunny summer with rainfall over the average) makes Denmark ideal for cereal farming. Up till the 1870’s, Denmark was a major exporter of wheat and barley. But eventually, it had to diversify due to hard competition. That was when it realized the high demand for dairy products in foreign countries (mainly Britain), thus it started to export dairy products along with cereals. This meant it had to rely on pasture land for rearing animals Today, Denmark’s land is typical for the types of farming found there. The land remains ideal for cereal farming. Pasture land is also found for cattle. Pigs and poultry remain inside a barn all year long. The land is also ideal for growing potatoes and other root crops. Stalinization isn’t a problem in Denmark due to a high annual rainfall. Where in the World can Similar Farming be Found?: Mixed farming: Mixed farming can be found in North America (i.e. USA), in Asia (i.e. Russia), and in Europe (i.e. France and Spain). Mixed farming can be also be found in the rest of the continents. Dairy farming: Dairy farming is found world wide. It is found in Israel, Italy, USA, France, Britain, and many more.

Research Paper – Pawnshop System Design

Bulacan State University Sarmiento Campus City of San Jose Del Monte Bulacan Research Methodologies Pawnshop System Design (PSSD) Submitted by: _______________________ Submitted to: _______________________ Instructor Date: March 25, 2011 CHAPTER I The Problem and its background INTRODUCTION The fusion of computer technology and communication technology gave birth to new era of digital age (William Sayer, 2003). This fusion is what we know today as information technology. Information technology is the collaboration of industries dealing with computer, telephone, and various handheld devices.These technologies greatly affect the business industry. Pawnshop System (PSS) is an individual or business that offers secured loans to people, with items of personal property used as collateral. The word pawn is derived from the Latin pignus, for pledge, and the items having been pawned to the broker are themselves called pledges or pawns, or simply the collateral. The system is intuitive and eas y to use. The Pawnshop System (PSS) if an item is pawned for a loan, within a certain contractual period of time the pawner may purchase it back for the amount of the loan plus some agreed-upon amount for interest.The amount of time, and rate of interest, is governed by law or by the pawnbroker's policies. If the loan is not paid (or extended, if applicable) within the time period, the pawned item will be offered for sale by the pawner/secondhand dealer. Unlike other lenders, though, the pawner does not report the defaulted loan on the customer's credit report, since the pawnbroker has physical possession of the item and may recoup the loan value through outright sale of the item. The pawner/secondhand dealer also sells items that have been sold outright by customers to the Pawner or secondhand dealer.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM General Problem The general problem in The Pawnshop System (PSS) is how long would it takes for saving data information of a client? Specific Problem 1. How lo ng would it takes for saving data information of clients? 2. How Does a Pawnshop Operates? 3. What are the problems can be encountered by the cashier during their saving information about client? SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY The study will determine the affects of the Pawnshop System (PSS). this will gain benefits to client, Owner, employee.Client: The Pawnshop System (PSS) will benefit them by assuring that they will b supplied with quality workers on time and rendered with efficient service. Someone who purchases or hires something from someone else. Employee: The Pawnshop System (PSS) will secure and maintain their record, keep their personal profile in case of incidence. And also they can save time and effort for saving data of client. Owner: The Pawnshop System (PSS) create accurate report that will help them make sound judgment in managing company. And also they can easily manipulate.The Pawnshop System designs (PSSD) and help them to save any information about their client and em ployee. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The Pawnshop System (PSS) must have limitation one of the limitations is for the cashier or employee at least he/she is given an authority from the owner , and only the owner and cahier must have a right to open and use the Pawnshop System (PSS) by accessing their password. The study will benefit Pawnshop System (PSS) inc. as it provides qualified workers to their client ant efficiently manage their Pawnshop System (PSS). the System will reduce the incidence of incomplete information.Gathered from applicant that will lead to inaccurate record on their database and unreliable reports. The material/ program going to use in this Pawnshop System (PSS) is the materials/ program to be use is the Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0 and Microsoft Access 2003 or 2007. the reason why Microsoft visual Basic 6. 0 and Microsoft Access 2033 or 20007 will be use in this Pawnshop system, because only the Microsoft Visual basic 6. 0 and Microsoft access 2003 or 2007 will be able and compatible their connection and the relationship must be connected through.The Pawnshop System (PSSD) . Must has receipt and it locate to the office administrator or in the office of cashier or employee. It will start to make on Dec 2009 until last week of February 2010 finish it already CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The purpose of the study is to help the owner or cashier to save their time to manipulate the system. And they can easily manipulate this system. And also It helps the owner to understand easily the prototypes of the program and this system is easy to understand. Can generate different reports that will aid management in making business decisions.The first frame is the Computer and software installer which is the Microsoft visual Basic 6. 0 and Microsoft Access 2003 or 2007. The second frame is data coding, system design, system analysis and installing software. The third frame is the Pawnshop system Design (PSSD). this will be the possible output of your crating and design ing system. RESEARCH PARADIGM [pic] Fig 1. The Research model of the Experiment HYPOTHESIS The main idea of this Pawnshop system design is to help the owner to easily manipulate the program.And it will help them to saving their data information that their going to inputted gathered by the client and employee record. TERMS AND DEFINITION Pawner/Pawnee- a member of an American Indian people living along the Platte River and its tributaries in Nebraska during the first half of the 19th century: confined to a reservation in the Indian Territory in 1874–75. Pawnshop- a shop where loans are made with personal property as security CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW The country's largest pawnshop chain, Cebuana Lhuillier Pawnshop, began as four pawnshop outlet in Metro Manila in the mid-1980s.Cebuana Lhuillier Pawnshop today has branches spread all over the Philippines serving the Filipino pawner everywhere Cebuana Lhuillier Pawnshop traces its roots to Cebu. There, French Consul to the Ph ilippines Henry Lhuillier established in 1935 his first of a chain of Agencias. He then opened several more branches in Cebu, as well as in nearby provinces of the Visayas. In 1968, Henry Lhuillier's son Philippe Lhuillier went forth and opened the first Lhuillier pawnshop at Libertad Street in Malibay, Pasay under the trade name Agencia Cebuana.As the years passed and with the support of hardworking personnel, several more branches were opened in Metro Manila as well as in Northern, Central and Southern Luzon. Soon branches sprouted in the south – in key provinces like Davao, Cagayan de Oro and Bukidnon. In 1987, the company pursued nationwide expansion. It then adopted the trade name Cebuana Lhuillier. Since then, every Philippe Lhuillier-owned pawnshop branch that opened anywhere in the Philippines carried the name Cebuana Lhuillier. Branches as far north as Aparri and as far south as General Santos were servicing the needs of over 25,000 customers a day.Cebuana Lhuillier Pawnshop is the country's largest pawnshop chain with branches in almost every city, town or district in the Philippines. â€Å"Walang Kapantay Magpahalaga† is the slogan that guides Cebuana Lhuillier in its everyday dealings with customers. The company takes pride in every opportunity where it has been able to live up to this commitment. CHAPTER III RESEARCH DESIGN |Treatment |Replication | |1. installing Microsoft Visual Basic | | |6. and Microsoft Access 2007 | | | |1 month | | | | |2. program designing | | |3. data coding | | Experimental complete Randomized design The experimental research may install Microsoft visual basic 6. 0 and Microsoft access 2007 for the designing and coding of the Pawnshop System Design system (PSSD).CLUSTER SAMPLING by group |respondent |Population |Percentage | |Programmer |2 |34% | |Quality Assurance |2 |34% | | |1 |16% | |Team leader | | | |Documentation |1 |16% | |Total |6 person |100% | Experimental cluster sampling by group PROCEDURE IN GATHERING DATAThe pawnshop System Design will building by a total of six (6) people which is the 2 programmers, 2 Quality Assurance, 1 Team Leader, 1 Documentation. STATISTICAL TREATMENT |Gender |Population |Percentage | |Female |10 |48% | | Male |11 |52% | |Total |22 Person |100% | Using a statistical by group it computes the percentage of every population of this study. And the possible population that will going to use this experimental study. hey may the population that are going to pawn on this study. CHAPTER IV SUMMARY OF FINDING 1. How long would it take for saving data information of clients? 2. How a Pawnshop Does Operates? 3. What are the problems can be encountered by the cashier during their saving information about client? DESCUSSION OF RESULT There are several ways of collecting and understanding information and finding answer to your question research is one way. This study has dealt some basic issues of design in quantitive research’s have discussed the co mmonly used design types in experimental research.If an item is pawned for a loan, within a certain contractual period of time the pawner may purchase it back for the amount of the loan plus some agreed-upon amount for interest. The amount of time, and rate of interest, is governed by law or by the pawnbroker's policies. If the loan is not paid (or extended, if applicable) within the time period, the pawned item will be offered for sale by the pawnbroker/secondhand dealer CHAPTER V CONCLUSION In savings data information gathered by a client it will save in 1 second only. It saves time for the clients in processing their transaction.It is very easy to operate because it must easy to understand. The problem that encountered by the user is deleting some data information gathered by the client in unexpected situation. BIBLIOGRAPHY Website: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pawnbroker GRAPHICAL VIEW OF THE STUDY Login Form Main Menu Client Form —————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ INPUT Computer Microsoft Visual Basic 6. 0 Microsoft Access 2003 or 2007 PROCESS Data coding System design System Analysis Installing Software OUTPUT Pawnshop System Design (PSSD) Pawnshop system design (PSSD)

THE PERSONALITY OF CLEOPATRA VII essays

THE PERSONALITY OF CLEOPATRA VII essays Cleopatra VIIs personal abilities, such as her apparent intellectual ease for learning and her political awareness along with her personal attributes, such as her suggested beauty or captivating presence led her to be viewed in equally positive and negative ways in both the Roman and Hellenistic worlds. Her background, social position and status, and rise to prominence also helped generate the idea that she was a woman who could threaten many men around her. Many people (especially the Romans) did not like her because she, being Queen of Egypt, presented a danger to the Roman Empire. Cleopatra was one of the most powerful leaders of that time, so unavoidably people either held her in esteem or disliked her intensely. The relevance of Cleopatras background is significant when attempting to understand her personality and her rise to prominence. Firstly, she belonged to the Ptolemy Family, a royal family notorious for incest and vicious infighting. It may be the supposedly unstable nature implied of the Ptolemy family that can be held responsible for the fact that some people did not trust her and saw her as an unstable and therefore unpredictable ruler. It can also be said that because the Ptolemies were often viewed as particularly inept and poor specimens of humanity it may have damaged her rule before it had even begun as people may have thought the same of her. Rather paradoxically, Cleopatra was believed to be highly regarded socially unlike her family was. Famous historian Plutarch says that she was to be of a rather exalted position. Knowing several languages, being very intelligent and being able to captivate her listeners when she spoke would have intimidated the Romans because she had the ability to influence Rome s men and use them for her benefit. Appian once said in his Civil Wars that when Cleopatra met Mark Antony (he) was amazed at her wit as well as her good looks a...